CHESAPEAKE BAY


Boating Waters	Main Basin	Water Frontage	Watershed

In North America, the Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary, a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with a free connection to the open sea. It was created more than 10,000 years ago when glaciers melted and flooded the Susquehanna River Valley. Today, fresh water from land drainage measurably dilutes seawater within the Bay. The Bay watershed provides rich habitat for an abundance of life. In addition to resident species of fish and wildlife, the Bay supports large winter populations of migratory waterfowl and provides spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for ocean fish. This diversity results in 2,700 different species of plants and animals living in the Bay area. The University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science conducts research on the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed.

Native Americans living along its shores gave the Bay an Algonquin name. Chesepiook, meaning "great shellfish bay," was used to signify the abundance of Bay crabs, oysters, and clams. The Bay was the site of the first English settlement in Maryland and later saw the Civil War confrontation between the iron-clad Confederate Merrimac and the Union's Monitor in 1862. Generations of watermen have made their living harvesting the bounty of the Bay, while recreational fishing, hunting, and boating attract millions of people each year and contribute significantly to Maryland's economy. Major annual seafood harvests include millions of bushels of crabs, oysters, clams, and eels.

For ocean-going ships, the Bay is navigable with two outlets to the Atlantic Ocean: north through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal in Cecil County, and south through the mouth of the Bay between the Virginia capes.

Three Maryland agencies bear particular responsibility for Bay matters. The Department of Agriculture directs Chesapeake Bay Agricultural Programs. The Department of the Environment works on behalf of the Bay through its Technical and Regulatory Services Administration. The Department of Natural Resources supports the work of the Chesapeake Bay Critical Areas Commission and oversees the Regional Chesapeake Bay Program and Chesapeake Bay and Watershed Programs.

Information about the Bay, including its history and effect on regional culture, may be found at the Chesapeake Bay Information Center, maintained by the Department of Natural Resources, and at the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum.

BOATING WATERS

[color photograph of Annapolis waterfront]

Spa Creek (near its juncture with the Severn River, which joins Chesapeake Bay), Annapolis, Maryland, May 2000. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

Boating in Maryland

Maryland has 23 rivers and bays with more than 400 miles of water tributary to the Chesapeake Bay, and coastal bays with 35 miles of water accessible to and from the Atlantic Ocean. It has 598 marinas; 43,452 wet boat slips (2000 est.); and some 250 public boat ramps and access points. In 1999, Maryland registered 192,661 pleasure boats; 8,393 federally documented vessels principally used in Maryland; 2,620 commercial fishing boats; and 17,154 other kinds of vessels.

Annually, in Maryland, recreational boating expenditures total over $1 billion, which provides a net addition of over $980 million each year.

Information about licensing, boat titles, and boat registration is available from the Licensing and Registration Service of the Department of Natural Resources.

WATER FRONTAGE

Sixteen of Maryland's 23 counties and Baltimore City border on tidal water.

WATERSHED

The rivers, creeks, and streams which flow into the Bay, the land surrounding them, and the Bay itself make up the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Main tributaries - Susquehanna River, Potomac River, James River - contribute 80% of the Bay's fresh water. Total tributaries: 419. Watershed area: 64,000 square miles in parts of six states-Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia-and the District of Columbia. Watershed population was 16.4 million in 1990, up from 11 million in 1960.

MAIN BASIN
AREA
	Maryland	1,726 square miles
	Virginia	1,511 square miles
LENGTH		195 miles
WIDTH
	(widest near Cape Charles, Virginia)	30 miles
	(narrowest at Annapolis)	4 miles
SHORELINE		4,600 miles
DEPTH
	average	25 feet
	greatest (southeast of Annapolis)	174 feet
TIDAL RANGE
	at Annapolis	1 foot
	at head	2 feet
	at mouth	3 feet
VOLUME		18 trillion gallons
SURFACE SALINITY (parts per thousand)
	at mouth	30 ppt
	midway to head	15 ppt
	above fall line	00 ppt
	surface to bottom	2-3 ppt